Did Zhang Zhidong have cosmetic surgery?

Zhang Zhidong was a prominent Chinese official and reformer during the late Qing Dynasty. Known for his efforts to modernize China, he played a significant role in the Self-Strengthening Movement.

Born on September 2, 1837, in Nanpi, Hebei Province, Zhang Zhidong excelled in his studies and passed the imperial examinations, setting the foundation for his future career as a statesman.

Zhang Zhidong was known for his dedication to Confucian principles and his commitment to the betterment of China. He remained a lifelong scholar and educator, influencing many through his writings and policies.

Throughout his career, Zhang Zhidong held various high-ranking positions, including Viceroy of Huguang and Viceroy of Liangguang. He is best remembered for his advocacy of the Self-Strengthening Movement, promoting industrial and military modernization.

Zhang Zhidong was instrumental in establishing modern educational institutions, such as the Lianghu Academy, and in advancing China's military capabilities by advocating for the construction of arsenals and shipyards.